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Arabic translations
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Some facts about Arabic language
ARABIC ranks sixth in the world's league
table of languages, with an estimated 186 million native speakers.
As the language of the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, it
is also widely used throughout the Muslim world. It belongs
to the Semitic group of languages which also includes Hebrew
and Amharic, the main language of Ethiopia.
There are many Arabic dialects. Classical Arabic – the language
of the Qur'an – was originally the dialect of Mecca in what
is now Saudi Arabia. An adapted form of this, known as Modern
Standard Arabic, is used in books, newspapers, on television
and radio, in the mosques, and in conversation between educated
Arabs from different countries (for example at international
conferences).
Local dialects vary, and a Moroccan might have difficulty
understanding an Iraqi, even though they speak the same language.
North Arabic
North Arabic, or Arabic, was confined largely to the Arabian
Peninsula until the 7th cent. A.D. Thereafter the spread of
Islam took the Arabic language into the Fertile Crescent and
across North Africa. Today Arabic is spoken throughout the
Arabian Peninsula and also in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon,
Israel, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Mauritania,
and Chad. It is the mother tongue of over 180 million people
in Africa and Asia. In addition, Arabic plays an important
part in the lives of all Muslims, for it is the sacred language
of Islam and its holy book, the Qur'an.
The Arabic of the Qur'an and of subsequent Arabic literature
is called classical or literary Arabic. It is uniform and
standardized. Classical Arabic is still employed today as
the written language, but it is restricted to formal usage
as a spoken tongue. It differs considerably from its descendant,
the modern colloquial Arabic that is the medium of general
conversation. Modern colloquial Arabic has three principal
groups of dialects: Eastern, Western, and Southern. A standardized
form of modern Arabic is used by the mass media and official
communications—it also is one of the languages used officially
by the United Nations—but the colloquial dialects, which differ
in many respects from Modern Standard Arabic, dominate in
daily life.
Grammatically, Arabic has that distinctive feature of Semitic
languages, the triconsonantal root consisting of three consonants
separated by two vowels. The basic meaning of the root is
furnished by the consonants and is altered by changes in,
or omission of, the vowels and by the addition of various
affixes. Gender is found in the Arabic verb, as well as in
the noun, pronoun, and adjective. The modern Arabic dialects
have considerably simplified classical Arabic, as by discarding
the declension of the noun and other inflections.
Arabic has its own alphabet, which is composed of 28 consonants.
Most of the characters have four different forms, one for
beginning a word, another for ending a word, still another
for a medial position, and a fourth for a letter used by itself.
Vowels are shown by symbols above or below the consonants,
but they are optional and are often not written. The direction
of writing is from right to left. The Arabic alphabet evolved
from the Nabataean script, which is a descendant of the Aramaic
writing (see Aramaic). There are two major styles of the Arabic
script, the angular Kufic (well-suited for decorative uses)
and the cursive Naskhi. Arabic writing is also the basis of
a number of scripts used by non-Arab peoples following the
Muslim religion and has been adapted for the Persian, Pashto,
Urdu, Malay, Hausa, and Swahili languages, among others.
South Arabian
Old South Arabian, or Himyaritic, was the language of people
living in the S Arabian Peninsula in ancient times. It had
several known dialects, and is considered by some linguists
to be closely related to the Ethiopic of Ethiopia. Old South
Arabian had its own alphabet, the origin of which is still
not clear, although it is generally thought to have had the
same source as the North Semitic writing. Surviving inscriptions
in Old South Arabian date from the 8th cent. B.C. or earlier.
The coming of Islam in the 7th cent. A.D. brought with it
North Arabic, which displaced Old South Arabian. Modern South
Arabian, which has several dialects, is spoken by about 50,000
people in the S Arabian Peninsula. Its ancestor is may be
Old South Arabian, although not all linguists agree.
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